In this orb of rapid technical development, our dependence on electrical and electronic goods is getting escalated day by day. The role of battery is worthy of note. A battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell consists of two electrodes namely anode and cathode with an electrolyte in between. At each electrode, some electrochemical reaction takes place resulting in potential differences between the electrodes. This potential difference called electromotive force drives the electrons. They can be used once and tossed out or can be recharged and used for years. Based on this nature, batteries are broadly sorted out into primary and secondary batteries.
Primary batteries are those, which are not normally rechargeable, as the electrochemical reactions taking place in this battery are irreversible. Once the supply of reactants is exhausted, it would be of no use. Then you have to go for another one. On assembly itself, it can generate current without more ado. They are also dubbed as disposable batteries. They are otherwise called as dry cells, since the electrolyte used in this is a paste like material, rather than a liquid. Primary batteries are used in devices that have low current drain. They have more initial voltage and provide good capacity. Zinc/carbon batteries are of low cost. They have poor low temperature performance and largely used in toys, torches, radios etc.
Alkaline/manganese oxide batteries offer good capacity, better low temperature performance and the cost will be higher. It is seen in aircraft transmitters or receivers, television, calculators etc. Zn/HgO batteries proffer high energy density, constant voltage, good shelf life etc. and used in photography, hearing-aids, pace makers, sensors in military etc. Zinc/silver oxide battery provides good energy density, high performance rate and can be used in watches, missiles, space applications etc. For memory devices, electrical devices Li/SOCl2 batteries are used. They have longer shelf life. Zn/Air batteries offer good shelf life as well as high energy density and they change with the temperature. They are used in traffic signals, watches, electrical fences etc.
Secondary batteries are the rechargeable batteries which can be recharged as the electrochemical reactions are reversible, means that it is also possible to convert electrical energy into chemical energy, by charging it. It is necessary to charge the battery before using it, because the components will be in discharged state at the outset. These batteries can be charged by furnishing electricity and the devices involved in providing electricity can be called as rechargers or chargers.The batteries can be recharged and get discharged as many times as possible. Lead/Acid batteries are the well known secondary batteries.
They have decent high and low temperature performance, low cost, low energy density, low charge retention and are used in cars, aircrafts, lawnmowers. Ni/Cd, Ni/Fe, Ni/Zn bids good durability, longer shelf life. Ni/Cd can be used in aircrafts, power applications. Ni/Zn batteries are used in bikes, military vehicles etc. Silver oxide batteries like Zn/AgO, Cd/AgO comprise good discharge rate, longer shelf life, high energy density,high cost etc. The former is used in submarines, military equipment etc. and the latter is used in satellites, power tools. Li/poly batteries are used in mobile phones and they are non-volatile, overpriced.
Primary batteries are less pricey when compared to secondary ones. They have higher energy density when compared to the latter. Primary battery is wispy and provides fine shelf life but, they cannot be reused. Instead of proper disposal, if they are thrown out, it will lead to environmental pollution. Secondary batteries shore up high power density and high discharge rate. The charge retention will be poor. Only a few standards are available.
Proper storage is needed as high temperature and high humidity can devolve the batteries. They should be kept in a discharged state because, they can discharge themselves once they are in the assembly and as the days pass, they become kaput.
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